Numerous studies have indicated that STDP can effectively diminish the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tissues, enhance superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (29–31), and markedly reduce serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in patients with heart failure. Here, TNF is linked to heart failure.