CREB1 and Cognitive impairment: Since cAMP elevation promotes PKA activation and induces CREB phosphorylation into the nucleus, which regulates gene transcription and is critical for memory function, CREB and SHANK1 mRNA levels are significantly reduced in the hippocampus of HS rats, we hypothesize that HS‐induced cognitive impairment and reduced SHANK1 are mediated by reduced CREB transcriptional activity in the cAMP/PKA pathway.