Conversely, iPD-1 has been shown to promote tumor growth in several malignancies, including melanoma [146], hepatocellular carcinoma [146], pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [147], thyroid cancer [148], glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) [149], and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) [150]. This evidence concerns the gene IRAK4 and glioblastoma.