CD8A and hepatitis C virus infection: Table 1 summarizes the demographic and clinical characteristics of all study participants. The two groups showed no significant differences in age, sex, time since HIV-1 diagnosis, duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), hepatitis C virus infection status, CD4 count, or CD4/CD8 ratio. The healthy control group had a median age of 48 years (IQR, 44–54) and included 25% female participants. Healthy controls showed no significant age or sex differences when compared to the HIV-1 or HIV-1-HTLV-2 co-infected groups (p = 0.111 and p = 0.098 for age; p = 0.358 and p = 0.246 for sex).