SMAD2 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Evidence has revealed that SAHA (an HDACi targeting Class I HDACs: HDAC1, 2, 3, 8; Class II HDACs: HDAC4-9) can rapidly induce STAT1 and Smad2/3 phosphorylation in NSCLC cells, leading to increased expression of p-STAT1 and p-Smad2/3 in the nucleus (promoting their nuclear translocation).