PABPC1 and infection: Infection leads to the transient activation of PKR followed by the repression of its activity, and the inhibition of the canonical initiation process as a result of HIV protease-mediated cleavage of eIF4G1, eIF3d and PABP, and the promotion of 4E-BP dephosphorylation by the HIV-1 Vpr protein, leading to the sequestration of eIF4E.