TNF and infection: The experiments conducted in vitro demonstrated that TNF-α produced by LPS-stimulated macrophages induces the expression of the IE-2 of BoGHV-4, whose product (ORF50/Rta) transactivates the promoter of the IL-8 gene, a chemokine associated with neutrophil attraction in inflammatory processes during the infection of epithelial and endometrial stromal cells [59].