In detail, a study comparing different CF models (ΔF508 mouse lungs, CFTR KO pigs and primary human bronchial epithelial cells) correlated oxidative stress with an increased ω-6- tο ω-3-PUFA ratio and abnormal levels of sphingolipids, especially ceramides, as long-chain to very long-chain ceramide species (LCC/VLCC) [86]. This evidence concerns the gene CFTR and cystic fibrosis.