INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In a retrospective study by Kleiner et al. [41], where 33 patients with T1DM voluntarily switched to a VLCD (<50 g of carbohydrates, 70% fats, 25% proteins and 5% carbohydrates) for 12 months, mean HbA1c decreased from 8.3% to 6.8% and there was a statistically significant decrease in the units of daily insulin (from 36.7 IU to 28.9 IU), with a concurrent reduction in from 54% to 24% in clinical level 2 hypoglycemia episodes.