Furthermore, in heart failure (HF) cohorts, elevated Gal-1 levels were associated with worsening left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and increased hospitalization rates, with mean levels of 68.5 ng/mL in HF patients versus 40.2 ng/mL in non-HF individuals (HR: 2.45, 95% CI: 1.62–3.71, p < 0.001) [37]. Here, GAL is linked to heart failure.