ODC1 and cancer: Inhibition of the phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, VEGFR, Met receptor, and PDGFR), the down-regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and the inhibition of the activities of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterases, chymotrypsin-like proteasome, ornithine decarboxylase, cyclin-dependent kinases/cyclin complex, and the IκB kinase complex’s phosphorylation were reported to underlie the inhibition of cancer progression and the cancer-preventive action of anthocyanins [23].