We also detected increased gut permeability in our cohort, with high plasma zonulin levels in COVID-19 and PCC patients, in addition to a strong positive correlation with pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella, suggesting the involvement of a triad consisting of intestinal dysbiosis, leaky gut, and systemic inflammation in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Here, HP is linked to COVID-19.