NOX4 and liver cancer: Elevated NOX4 levels can inhibit Nrf2 nuclear translocation in human astrocytes.[56] In liver cancer cells, NOX4 expression is negatively correlated with Nrf2 activity, and NOX4 deprivation activates the Nrf2 pathway.[57] In another study, knocking out Nrf2 in glial neurons led to increased ROS production and increased NOX2 expression.[58] In this study, we found that knocking out NOX2 increased the expression and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in cochlear OHCs and reduced the activation of apoptotic pathways.