TNF and cancer: Compared with the PBS group, the El1405 group significantly increased the levels of antitumor effectors, such as TNF-α, INF-γ, and cytotoxic T cell-associated CD8, and significantly decreased the levels of cancer-promoting and immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β) and regulatory T cell-linked CD4 (Fig. 4A).