NFKB1 and central nervous system cancer: SCFAs not only inhibit inflammatory responses but also boost antioxidant activities in pathological samples from colon and breast cancers.14,15 Moreover, SCFAs modulate the NF-κB pathway in cancer and immune cells, potentially enhancing glioma invasiveness.16 In addition, the progression of advanced glioma has been linked to lithocholic acid, a secondary bile acid metabolite produced by gut microbiota.17 These findings suggest that microbiota-derived metabolites play critical roles in both the development and treatment of glioma.