CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Clinically, the FDA approval of a LAG-3/TIGIT bispecific antibody (BsAb) for advanced solid tumors and promising results from trials like CITYSCAPE (tiragolumab plus atezolizumab in NSCLC) underscore the therapeutic potential of these combinations, though CTLA-4-based triple therapies remain in early-phase evaluation (Rousseau et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024).