ACTA1 and renal fibrosis: Eight studies (Wang et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2017; Li and Zhang, 2017; Yu et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2022; Tan et al., 2023) reported α-SMA, with results showing that BBR significantly reduced α-SMA levels more in renal fibrosis animals than in the model group (Sample size: 130; SMD = −3.89 (95% CI: −5.48 to −2.30), P < 0.001; χ2 = 46.77, I2 = 85.0%, Figure 5).