As for the adenine-induced renal fibrosis models, BBR can modulate the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suppressing TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression while improving antioxidant defense mechanisms through elevated GSH-Px and SOD activities and reduced MDA levels, thereby restoring redox equilibrium (Yu et al., 2020). Here, ACTA1 is linked to renal fibrosis.