SC-derived cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β play pivotal roles in promoting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and perineural invasion (PNI) through activation of critical signaling pathways like STAT-3 and NF-κB (Bolin et al., 1995; Chu et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.