MAPK9 and breast carcinoma: Regarding the regulation of Gal-3 function, posttranslational modification of Gal-3, such as phosphorylation at S6 by casein kinase 1 (CK1) induces Gal-3 export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and protects the human breast carcinoma cell line from chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis by activating JNK2 [36].