Moreover, in critically ill and malnourished patients, clinicians may choose to administer human ALB solutions as intravascular volume expanders, especially in sepsis, where fluid resuscitation with crystalloids alone may be insufficient or even harmful (for example, in case of heart failure), or in combination with diuretics in order to address fluid overload and improve oxygenation by reducing pulmonary edema. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and heart failure.