The addition of CTLA-4 inhibitor to PD-1 blockade was examined in the phase II NEOSTAR trial; 44 patients with stage I–IIIA NSCLC were randomized at a 1:1 ratio to three doses of nivolumab dosed at 3 mg/kg every two weeks with or without the addition of the CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab 1 mg/kg on day 1. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.