TNF and Obesity: In individuals with obesity, the expansion and hypertrophy of white adipose tissue (WAT) lead to hypoxia, cellular stress, and the increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) [81,82].