The affected genes include well-established epilepsy genes: ALKBH8, ATP1A2, CACNA1C, CACNB4, CDKL5, HECW2, HSD17B4, KCTD3, PCDH19, PRRT2, RELN, RNASEH2B, SARS1, SCN1A, SPTAN1, and less established genes: CACNA1H, CSNK2A1, RYR3, and SCN9A. Here, PCDH19 is linked to epilepsy.