NUSAP1 and lung carcinoma: In lung cancer, lactate induces the nuclear translocation of nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1 (NUSAP1) in fibroblasts, which facilitates JUNB-FRA1-FRA2 transcriptional complex binding to the DESMIN promoter, ultimately upregulating CAF markers (DESMIN, TGFB1, SDF1) [26].