PARP1 and prostate carcinoma: In prostate cancer, NFs take up lactic acid secreted by prostate cancer, deactivate ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), leading to the downregulation of p62 in stromal cells, and activate CAFs by upregulating the expression of CAF markers SDF1, HA, and a-SMA at the transcriptional and protein levels [25].