The transcriptomic analysis revealed significant dysregulation in pathways implicated in emphysema pathogenesis, including MAPK signalling, DNA damage response, neutrophil activation, inflammation, protease activity, extracellular matrix remodelling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and TNF-α signalling [45,49,62]. This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and pulmonary emphysema.