TNF and Insulin resistance: A recent RCT involving patients with T2DM and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease found that 6-month supplementation with chlorogenic acid (200 mg/day) and/or caffeine (200 mg/day) did not improve fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, C-peptide, inflammatory markers (e.g., TNF-α, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), hepatic fat accumulation, fibrosis, and other pathological features [72].