The Th1/Th17 immune axis plays a dual role in cancer progression, with Th1 responses driving anti-tumor immunity through the IFN-γ-mediated activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and macrophage polarization [132], while Th17 responses exhibit context-dependent pro- or anti-tumor effects via IL-17A-mediated angiogenesis, neutrophil recruitment, and inflammation [58]. Here, IL17A is linked to neoplasm.