PTGES and cancer: Through its pleiotropic modulation of cancer hallmarks—including lysosomal membrane permeabilization, suppression of oncogenic signaling cascades (c-MET/STAT3, PAR-2, COX-2/mPGES-1), inhibition of EMT and angiogenesis, and epigenetic remodeling—OC exerts selective cytotoxicity towards malignant cells while sparing non-cancerous tissues.