PTGES and cancer: We delineate the pleiotropic mechanisms by which OC modulates cancer hallmarks, including lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP)-mediated apoptosis, the inhibition of key oncogenic signaling pathways (c-MET/STAT3, PAR-2/TNF-α, COX-2/mPGES-1), the suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, and metabolic reprogramming.