CCL5 and Alzheimer disease: In line with this, we also observed a marked reduction in the expression levels of key pro-inflammatory mediators involved in AD pathogenesis, such as Tnf-α (fold change = 3.1, 95% confidence intervals: −2.2 to −0.1), Il-1β (fold change = 2.3, 95% confidence intervals: −1.5 to −0.03), Il-6 (fold change = 2.1, 95% confidence intervals: −1.2 to −0.07), and chemokines Ccl5 (fold change = 23.5, 95% confidence intervals: −7.1 to −2.4) and Cxcl10 (fold change = 26.2, 95% confidence intervals: −8.0 to −5.2) (Figure 5E).