How do TME components—immune cells (e.g., tumor-associated macrophages, T lymphocytes), stromal fibroblasts, cytokine gradients (e.g., interferon-gamma, TNF-α), biophysical factors like pH, or microbial influences—shape GBP behavior, and can these be modeled in organoids, 3D cultures, or patient-derived xenografts to predict tumor responses? This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.