TNF and fetal growth restriction: Prior research has demonstrated that maternal dietary inclusion of PMS at 0.45% significantly elevated plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the colostrum while concurrently reducing plasma levels of TNF-α in sows and the incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in piglets [17].