TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Indeed, potent inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1, and IL-8; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; and systemic type 1 interferon (IFN), which are overexpressed in SLE patients, together with circulating immune complexes and other unidentified mediators concur lung inflammation, tissue damage, vasculitis, and, ultimately, fibrosis [6,7,8,9,10].