TNF and chronic kidney disease: Elevated levels of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) [93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103], tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) [93,94,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [93,99,101,113,115,116,117,118,119,120], interleukin-1b (IL-1b) [102,103,113,121,122], interleukin-10 (IL-10) [93,123,124,125], fibrinogen [103,114,115,126,127], serum amyloid A (SAA) [128,129,130,131], and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) [132,133] are well known to be correlated with CKD.