In preclinical models of HD, pridopidine restored the antioxidant defenses and reduced levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species through rescuing IP3R localization as well as BDNF, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dopamine D1 receptor (D1R), cAMP, and TrkB signaling, which restored glutamate homeostasis within the striatum [89,94,153,154]. This evidence concerns the gene DRD1 and Huntington disease.