TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: For instance, apremilast, a dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, has been introduced for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis [11], while infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is utilized in autoimmune diseases such as Crohn’s disease, RA, and psoriasis [12].