The schematic contrasts two pathways: (1) Pathological angiogenesis: Driven by dysregulated VEGF-A, FGF-2, and Ang-2 signaling, this pathway promotes atrial fibrosis, endothelial dysfunction, and electrical instability via EndMT, microvascular leakage, and inflammatory cell recruitment. This evidence concerns the gene FGF2 and endothelial dysfunction.