As a result, 17 serum proteins, including CXCL7, LIRB4, CO4A, SPTN5, C1RL, YAED1, BTD, FLOT2, CC181, MARK1, LYAM1, CFAI, FBLN1, IGKC, CHST4, APOD, and ACYP2, that were significantly associated with CKD according to the MR analysis (Figure 4A and Supplementary Table S11). Here, C1RL is linked to chronic kidney disease.