TNF and cardiac arrhythmia: So, corresponding to the three stages of arrhythmias induced by MI, anti-inflammatory methods through inhibiting the effects of cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, can reduce the occurrence of VAs in Stage I and Stage II by ameliorating the re-entry mechanism and abnormal automaticity, meanwhile the susceptibility to arrhythmias in Stage III is also reduced due to the improvement in fibrosis.