TNF and epilepsy: Epilepsy, and status epilepticus, is one of the representative neurologic conditions strongly associated with neuroinflammation that proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1β have been shown to be upregulated in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons of epileptic tissue specimens [16,42,43].