VTI1A and neoplasm: VTI1A is implicated in cancer risk through fusion events, particularly in glioma [52], although its role in methylation-driven regulation remains unclear; ZFAT is involved in apoptosis and angiogenesis and is detected in hematologic cancer cell lines [53], exhibiting copy number alterations in OC [54]; and EXT1 is predominantly hypermethylated within intronic regions in our study and is associated with WNT signaling regulation and tumor progression in lung and uterine cancers [55,56].