Beyond ECM remodeling, CAFs are capable of contributing to DCIS invasion through collagen reorganization and secreting pro-tumorigenic cytokines and growth factors, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which support cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune evasion [115,116,117,118]. Here, IL6 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.