Lovisa et al. utilized spatial transcriptomics to identify distinct fibrotic niches in the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung, which are characterized by aberrant alveolar epithelial cells within a microenvironment dominated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, along with predicted upstream regulators such as TP53 and apolipoprotein E (APOE) [40]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.