In pulmonary fibrosis, alveolar epithelial dysregulation (SFTPC↓, KRT17↑) and macrophage polarization (SPP1, CHI3L1) are observed along with impaired regeneration driven by altered signaling (TGF-β, APOE, YAP1, TEAD). Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.