MMP9 and gastric cancer: In addition, IL-32 also has the effect of inducing the expression of MMP2 and MMP9, and the inactivation of HIF-1α can reduce the expression of IL-32, leading to a decrease in the expression of MMP2 and MMP9, inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer, and providing a more comprehensive molecular mechanism to confirm the role of the HIF-1α/MMP2 and HIF-1α/MMP9 signaling pathways in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer [81,82].