VEGFA and neoplasm: Additionally, carvacrol reduces serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and alpha-L-fucosidase (AFU) levels by downregulating COX-2 and oxidative stress, inhibits angiogenesis via VEGF suppression, and prevents tumor proliferation by downregulating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 through TNF-α suppression.