DDX41 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Chlon et al. reported that DDX41 monoallelic mutations confer a competitive advantage to HSPCs, and mice with Ddx41 monoallelic mutations exhibit age-dependent hematopoietic defects, which is similar to the characteristics of human MDS; the biallelic DDX41 alterations (germline plus somatic mutation) cause ribosome defects and reduced translation of protein, leading to apoptosis and myelodysplasia of the HPC [223].