IL17A and myelodysplastic syndrome: Nevertheless, several studies confirmed that the level of IL-17 in the serum, plasma, or bone marrow of lower-risk MDS patients is elevated compared to those in higher-risk MDS patients, and the higher IL-17 level is correlated with more severe anemia, suggesting the Th17 cells contribute to the pathogenesis of lower-risk MDS [33,48,49].