TGFB1 and posterior cortical atrophy: Tumor cells, stromal cells, and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) secrete TGF-β, contributing to the attenuated function of Tregs, CD8+ T-cells, which activate ERK and promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to the growth and increased invasiveness of PCa (Figure 1).