At low concentrations, TNF-α acts as a tumor “conspirator”, promoting cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, and chemoresistance [221], along with reducing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumor tissues [222] and enhancing the function of immunosuppressive Treg cells through the TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) [223]. Here, TNFRSF1B is linked to neoplasm.