VEGFA and neoplasm: Mechanistically, IL-1, secreted by tumor cells or immunosuppressive myeloid populations, such as MDSCs and Tregs, promotes oncogenesis through multiple pathways; it stimulates the production of pro-tumorigenic factors (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) to drive autocrine/paracrine tumor growth [200,201], facilitates immune evasion by recruiting MDSCs to suppress effector T cell activity [202], and induces VEGF to promote tumor angiogenesis [203,204].