TGFB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, CAFs-secreted IL-6 and TGF-β regulate oxLDL metabolism through dual signaling axes: IL-6 induces the transcriptional activation of the scavenger receptor CD36 via the JAK/STAT3 pathway, enhancing the endocytic efficiency of oxLDL in tumor cells [180]; meanwhile, TGF-β synergistically activates NF-κB signaling through a Smad-dependent mechanism, upregulating the expression of the LOX-1 receptor and establishing a bidirectional positive feedback loop between ligand and receptor [181].