A substantial body of research employing mouse models of obesity and induced diabetes has demonstrated that supplementation with anthocyanins derived from berries (e.g., blueberries, blackberries, strawberries) results in a substantial reduction in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [142]. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.