TSPY1 and neoplasm: We postulate that TSPY protein/fragments/peptides were present on the surface of the positive tumor cells, probably through two likely mechanisms: TSPY protein/fragment mislocalization [55, 56] or TSPY peptide/MHC-I (TSPY pMHC-I) complex formation [57–59] on the cell surface, which could activate B cells for plasma cell differentiation and specific antibody production and cytotoxic T cells in eliciting the humoral and cellular immune responses respectively in the killing of positive tumor cells [60, 61].