TSPY1 and neoplasm: Importantly, the pro-inflammatory M1 but not M2 macrophages were highly activated in Group-2 (TSPY-6wk) mice, indicating that pro-inflammatory responses were active in TSPY-expressing tumors at this stage, supporting the postulation that TSPY expression in tumor cells elicited robust immune and inflammatory responses at the early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in the host animals.