TSPY1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: To evaluate the effects of TSPY in this HCC model, we co-injected the oncogenes together with various gene constructs in different combinations to groups of mice with (1) EGFP gene alone as a tracer (Group-1 = AKT + NRAS + EGFP@6week, referred to as EGFP-6wk), (2) TSPY-EGFP co-expression construct (Group-2 = AKT + NRAS + TSPY@6week, referred to as TSPY-6wk), (3) TSPY-EGFP gene alone without oncogenes (Group-3 = TSPY alone), and (4) sham saline/no injection (Group-4 = noninjected control) (Table 1).