IFNG and neoplasm: As key mediators of innate and adaptive immunity, monocytes often secrete proinflammatory cytokines and recruit cytotoxic T/NK cells to exert anti-tumor effects.41 We first focused on the effects of PM treatment on monocytes, and found that a distinct MonoC2 population had highly active IFN-α and IFN-γ responses and significantly upregulated the innate immune activation signaling pathways (Fig. 3).